Truth and Fiction in Orb: On the Movements of the Earth

"Orb: On the Movements of the Earth" (or Chi: Chikyuu no Undou ni Tsuite, in the original Japanese) is a work that blends fiction and historical facts to create an engaging narrative about the pursuit of knowledge and the clash between science and religion in the 15th century.

The central debate revolves around the Heliocentric vs. Geocentric models. The geocentric model claims that the Earth is at the center of the universe, while the heliocentric model argues that the Sun occupies that position. The heliocentric theory challenged biblical interpretations, leading to persecution of its proponents by the church.

This article explores what is real and what is fictional in this nuanced, award-winning story.

1. Mentions of Historical Figures

Rafal’s drawing represents the Ptolemaic model. Ptolemy developed a detailed mathematical system to explain the motion of celestial bodies, based on the idea that Earth was the universe's center. To account for the retrograde motion of planets (when they appear to move backward in the sky), he proposed that planets move in small circles (epicycles) that, in turn, revolve around larger circles (deferents) centered on Earth.

The next illustration in the story is tied to the heliocentric model proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century. This representation marked one of astronomy’s major shifts, transitioning from geocentrism to heliocentrism. Historically, a model like this did not exist in the 15th century (the period in which the manga is set). Copernicus published his masterpiece De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) only in 1543.

2. The Importance of Vision

Galileo Galilei invented the telescope in the early 17th century. Before this, naked-eye observation was essential, with the occasional use of rudimentary instruments like astrolabes and quadrants. These devices required clear vision to align celestial objects with markers on the tool.

Tycho Brahe (1546–1601) was one of the greatest naked-eye observers, earning his reputation by meticulously recording planetary positions. His sharp vision was critical to his measurements. Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) worked with Brahe’s data, relying more on mathematical calculations than direct observation. Kepler used Brahe’s detailed records to formulate the Laws of Planetary Motion. Perhaps Piast’s character is the story’s attempt to portray these historical figures.

3. The 15th Century Context

Orb is set in 15th-century Europe, a transitional period between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. This era was marked by significant tension between religious authority and the burgeoning of science. The Catholic Church held cultural and political dominance, and any idea challenging its dogmas was deemed heretical. Women, for instance, were often viewed as sinners and excluded from the scientific sphere. The story reflects this, showcasing how scientific discoveries faced intense resistance from the Inquisition.

4. The Heresy of Heliocentrism

The story’s central concept —that Earth orbits the Sun— was indeed considered heretical. While heliocentrism was formally introduced by Copernicus in the 16th century, ideas challenging geocentrism circulated in intellectual circles earlier. The resistance faced by figures like Giordano Bruno and, later, Galileo Galilei, highlights the dangers of challenging established thought during this time.

5. The Inquisition

The Inquisition, the Church’s arm for investigating and punishing heresies, plays a central role in the story's conflict. Historically, inquisitorial courts did condemn scientists and thinkers whose ideas threatened religious orthodoxy. Burning "heretics" at the stake was a known, though not as frequent, practice. This real threat adds a layer of historical authenticity to Orb, enhancing its narrative weight.

6. The Pursuit of Knowledge

A key theme in the manga is the relentless pursuit of scientific truth, even in the face of extreme dangers. This struggle reflects the Renaissance spirit, when thinkers began questioning established truths and valuing reason over tradition. This movement paved the way for the Scientific Revolution in subsequent centuries.

The story unfolds in the “Kingdom of P,” likely referring to Poland.

1. Fictional Characters

In the 15th century, heliocentric theories were largely unknown, and figures like Galileo and Copernicus had yet to publish their groundbreaking works. Thus, Hubert and Rafal are fictional characters with a "visionary" role, representing thinkers from later eras.

2. Artifacts and Narratives

The manga introduces a fictional artifact: a stone chest containing Rafal’s research, discovered years after his death. While a creative liberty, this element symbolizes the transmission of ideas and the struggle to preserve knowledge against censorship and destruction.

3. Dramatization

Although fear of religious persecution is rooted in real events, death sentences for heresy were rare. Historical evidence shows that the Church often sponsored scientific studies. The specifics of Rafal’s persecution and his interactions with other characters are dramatized to create a more compelling narrative. But what would the series be without its dose of drama?

By blending history and fiction, author Uoto crafts a vivid portrayal of a pivotal era for science and humanity. The work not only informs readers about the dangers faced by knowledge pioneers but also inspires reflection on the value of reason, curiosity, and courage.

The message of Orb —the bravery to question the status quo in pursuit of truth— resonates both in its historical context and in today’s world. The struggle against censorship, fear of scientific progress, and the desire to preserve knowledge are still relevant issues.

Don’t watch Orb to study history, but to understand the fight for truth.